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| Adonai | ||
| (Hebrew, "Lord"). One of the most common Jewish names for God, used especially during prayer. |
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| Abraham (Ab-ra-mu) | ||
| The name assigned in the Jeremiah and Nehemiah Texts (from which the Bible was formed) as a founding spiritual figure and "father of many nations". The etymology of the name is usually (incorrectly) assigned as Abram. However, the name as a title (Ab-ra-mu) and phrase has been found at Ebla as a founding patriarch as well as 3,500 year old Babylonian texts (A-ba-am-ra-ma, A-ba-am-ra-am, as well as A-ba-ra-ma). | ||
| It is much more historically likely that "Abraham" was a recognized divinity title as well as saviour god in his own right to ancient Near East cultures - hence his inclusion in the Bible texts from 600 BCE onwards. | ||
| Akhenaten | ||
| Historic Egyptian Pharaoh figure who most famously founded monotheism and took plague victims out of Egyptian cities to save the population. Jeremiah used the history of Akhenaten in his scripture when first forming the first Jewish scripture. He is the real Moses. | ||
| aggadah | ||
| (Hebrew, "discourse" or "telling"). Non-legal material in the Talmud and Midrash, including stories, legends, theology, and sermons. |
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| Alef-Bet | ||
| (Hebrew, "A-B"). The Hebrew alphabet. |
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| Aleinu | ||
| Closing prayer of every synagogue service, proclaiming God's sovereignty. |
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| aliyah | ||
| (Hebrew, "going up"). To "make an aliyah" is to be called up to recite the blessing before the Torah reading. |
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| Amen | ||
| The hidden god, also known as Amen-Ra, the serpent god. The supreme god of the Thebes sacred city. Continued to be worshipped by Jews and Christians in ceremony and praise. The claimed definition of "peace" or "let it be so" are modern definitions with no etymological accuracy. | ||
| Amorites (Amurru) | ||
| A distinct tribe, culture and brief ancient near East Empire that thrived from around 1,900 BCE to 1,700 BCE before being conquered and evolving into several new cultures including the Phoenicians and Hyksos. Incorrectly attributed to Ugarit region first, the name "Amurru" comes not only from a god worshipped by these people but the title "People of Mari" being the original most sacred city of the Amorites and first historical home to written and practised black magic. | ||
| The Amorites were historically listed as one of 12 Great Tribes of Canaan (Amorites, Arkites, Arvadites, Girgashites (Hyksos exiles), Hamonthites, Hittites, Hivites, Israelites, Jebusites, Philistines, Moabites and Zemarites. ). Later used by Nehemiah to create the mythological "12 Tribes of Israel" being Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan,Naphali, Gad, Asher, Isaachar, Zebulun, Joseph and Benjamin. | ||
| amudah | ||
| Small desk in a synagogue from which the Torah is read. |
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| Aramaic | ||
| Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. Was once the common language of the Jewish world - the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmuds were both written in Aramaic - but it is no longer spoken. |
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| ark | ||
| (Acronym for Hebrew aron hakodesh, "holy chest"). Cabinet in a synagogue that holds the Torah scrolls, usually located at the front of the sanctuary. |
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| Ark of the Covenant | ||
| The Royal Pharaoh Ark of Akhenaten which became the symbol of a new religion and eventually the unified mythology of Judaism, then Christianity then Islam. All Egyptian Pharaoh had an Ark representing the breath of Ra as their standard (including Tutankhamen found in his tomb). The exactly location of the Ark was lost in the first few centuries of Christianity. Its present location is not precisely known. | ||
| The Ark was kept for a time on Elephantine Island at a purpose built shrine- the only shrine found in the world older than 3,000 years that fits precisely the dimensions outlined in the Old Testament as the Temple of Solomon for the housing of the Ark. | ||
| A second important relic- The Staff of Moses - being the Royal Scepter of Akhenaten in the shape of a giant gold two headed snake is recorded as being destroyed by Nehemiah around 455 BCE as part of the campaign to introduce the revised religion of Judaism. | ||
| Ashkenazi | ||
| One of three historic cultural groups of Judaism, usually from eastern and northern Europe and their descendents. The other two groups being,Mizrahi and Sephardi. Of the three groups, Ashkenazi are historically the youngest in terms of conversion to Judaism and priestly bloodlines - less than 1,200 years ago. |
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